Presenilin 1 Negatively Regulates β-Catenin/T Cell Factor/Lymphoid Enhancer Factor-1 Signaling Independently of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Notch Processing

In addition to its documented role in the proteolytic processing of Notch-1 and the beta-amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 (PS1) associates with beta-catenin. In this study, we show that this interaction plays a critical role in regulating beta-catenin/T Cell Factor/Lymphoid Enhancer Factor-1 (LEF) signaling. PS1 deficiency results in accumulation of cytosolic beta-catenin, leading to a beta-catenin/LEF-dependent increase in cyclin D1 transcription and accelerated entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Conversely, PS1 specifically represses LEF-dependent transcription in a dose-dependent manner. The hyperproliferative response can be reversed by reintroducing PS1 expression or overexpressing axin, but not a PS1 mutant that does not bind beta-catenin (PS1Deltacat) or by two different familial Alzheimer's disease mutants. In contrast, PS1Deltacat restores Notch-1 proteolytic cleavage and Abeta generation in PS1-deficient cells, indicating that PS1 function in modulating beta-catenin levels can be separated from its roles in facilitating gamma-secretase cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein and in Notch-1 signaling. Finally, we show an altered response to Wnt signaling and impaired ubiquitination of beta-catenin in the absence of PS1, a phenotype that may account for the increased stability in PS1-deficient cells. Thus, PS1 adds to the molecules that are known to regulate the rapid turnover of beta-catenin.